Tracking Error: Why It Happens and What to Do

What is tracking error

Tracking error is the angular difference between the stylus and the record groove as the tonearm plays. In a pivoted tonearm, the stylus travels an arc across the record. Because the groove is cut at a tangent to its own path, the stylus is perfectly in line with the groove at only two points on each side, called null points. Everywhere else, the stylus sits at a slight angle to the groove. That angle is the tracking error.

The geometry of a pivoted tonearm makes small tracking error unavoidable. Tonearm designers reduce it with an offset angle, a bend in the headshell or arm tube that angles the cartridge inward. With the right offset and overhang, you shift the null points so the maximum error across the record is smaller. The result is a compromise: the stylus is never exactly tangent except at the null points, but the maximum error is low enough to be inaudible on most systems.

Why a pivoted tonearm always has some error

A record cutter moves a cutting stylus across the master disc in a straight radial line, keeping the stylus tangent to the groove it is cutting. A pivoted tonearm cannot copy that path. It swings on a fixed pivot, so the stylus describes an arc rather than a straight line. The discrepancy between the arc and the true radial tangent is the source of tracking error.

Alignment minimizes the discrepancy. By setting the cartridge so its stylus has the correct overhang and offset angle, you create two null points on the record side where the error is zero. Between and beyond those points, the error rises and falls in a curve. The curve's shape depends on the alignment standard you use, such as Baerwald or Stevenson, which trade off where the null points sit. See the comparison of Stevenson vs Baerwald alignment to understand the trade. For practical steps, the article on how to align a turntable cartridge walks through the process.

How tracking error affects sound

When the stylus is not tangent to the groove, the two groove walls are scanned at slightly different angles. The result is a small increase in distortion, especially on the inner grooves where the recorded wavelength is shorter relative to the groove. You may hear this as a loss of high-frequency clarity or as a slightly veiled sound on the last tracks of an LP. The effect is most noticeable on complex music with strong transients.

Tracking error also affects channel balance. Since the two groove walls are angled differently relative to the stylus, one channel can be read with slightly more force than the other. The difference is usually small on a well aligned cartridge, but a poorly aligned one can make the imbalance obvious. In extreme cases, a badly misaligned stylus can accelerate record wear, although modern vinyl is quite tolerant when the system is set up reasonably.

What to do about tracking error

The first step is to check your current alignment. Many turntables ship from the factory with a basic alignment that is close but not precise. Use a protractor designed for your tonearm's geometry and check the null points with the stylus in the grid. The cartridge alignment protractor guide explains the tool choices.

You also need the correct tracking force and anti-skate to let the stylus track the groove properly. Tracking error and tracking force are related: if the vertical force is too low, the stylus loses contact in fast passages, and if it's too high, the stylus digs in and adds distortion. Set the force by the manufacturer's spec, then adjust anti-skate so the stylus stays centered in the groove. The guides on setting tracking force and anti-skate cover both.

Linear tracking as the alternative

A linear tracking tonearm eliminates tracking error by keeping the stylus tangent to the groove at every point. Instead of pivoting, the arm slides across the record on a rail or carriage, moving in a straight radial line that mirrors the cutting stylus. This is the only tonearm type that truly removes tracking error from the geometry.

Linear tracking has trade-offs. The mechanism is more complex, the arm needs a motor to move the carriage, and setup is usually more involved. For most people, a well aligned pivoted arm with a good cartridge sounds excellent. Compare linear tracking vs pivoted before you decide.

What to pick for your setup

If you are buying a turntable, look for one that gives you room to align the cartridge. A detachable headshell makes it easy to mount a cartridge and adjust overhang. A turntable with a fixed integrated headshell still allows alignment, but it takes a bit more care. For a new turntable, the buying guides cover models that suit different needs and budgets.

If you already own a turntable, alignment is the cheapest and most effective improvement you can make. Check the alignment, set the tracking force, and let the stylus break in for a few hours before judging the sound. A properly set up pivoted arm with a good cartridge will satisfy most listeners.

What to pick for your use

Questions

What exactly is tracking error?

Tracking error is the angle between the stylus and the tangent of the groove. It is zero at the null points and small elsewhere on a pivoted tonearm.

Does tracking error cause record damage?

Severe misalignment can increase wear, but at typical settings the stylus slides within the groove and the main effect is distortion, not damage.

What are null points?

Null points are the two points on each record side where the stylus is perfectly tangent to the groove, meaning the tracking error is zero.

Is tracking error the same as skating?

No. Skating is the inward force caused by the offset angle, while tracking error is the angular mismatch between stylus and groove. They share the same geometry but are distinct concepts.

Can I eliminate tracking error with a different cartridge?

No. A cartridge sits on the tonearm, so the error is a property of the tonearm geometry. A linear tracking tonearm is the only way to remove it.

How do I know if my cartridge is aligned?

Use a protractor and check that the stylus sits in the null point grids. Follow the alignment guide for your tonearm to set overhang and offset angle.